Some thoughts surrounding the Milgram Experiment
"I like ideas about the breaking away or overthrowing of established order. I am interested in anything about revolt, disorder, chaos, especially activity that seems to have no meaning. It seems to me to be the road towards freedom." -- Jim Morrison
'Obedience to the Law is Freedom'. Thus declared a sign hung over a gateway to a US army base in New Jersey in 1969. Of course, such a statement could be critically analysed on many levels and given a wide variety of interpretations. At its crudest, in the context of the Cold War environment of that time, one interpretation could go like this: "You must Obey Our Law. Disobedience to Our Law means you are a Communist, and Communists are the Enemies of Freedom". (In the contemporary context "communist" could be replaced with "muslim".)
Obedience to authority was the theme of Milgram's experiment, which clearly demonstrated the disturbing tendency of people to obey bureaucratic authority in spite of what would seem to be obvious and serious offronts against common morality.
As individuals, we can tell ourselves that we have a moral right to kill
another individual in order to defend our own life. Law courts in
most nations frequently accept the plea of 'self-defence' in some murder
cases, reinforcing this moral belief within societies. However,
what happens when this commonly accepted morality is extrapolated to the
level of the group (nation state, racial or religious group, etc)?
It needs to the remembered that Homo erectus are not solitary
beings, but rather social animals; we as individuals cannot function
properly in isolation, despite what modern capitalist culture may
encourage us to believe.
What happens if, say, New Zealand invades Australia. Does this give every Aussie the moral right to kill every Kiwi in order to defend their nation? When tribes are truly mobilised for war, surely there can be no 'innocents' or 'non-combatants'. The contrived gentleman's agreement on the 'rules of war' as enshrined in the Geneva Conventions are nothing more than imperial European guilt-trips, attempting to deny the reality and the horror of human warfare, and by extension, the human condition. War is not cricket.
On the other hand, when an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, killing hundreds of thousands of non-combatant Japanese, could ordinary US citizens be held collectively responsible for not taking the strongest possible action to prevent such a tragedy occurring again in Nagasaki? Or perhaps, was the propaganda environment in the US at that time such that to voice the slightest doubt, opposition or moral outrage to the bombing would be considered treason? Could it be said that millions of US citizens chose patriotism before morality, and are therefore every bit as guilty of unimaginable brutality as the German people were for the Jewish holocaust? My answer, for what it is worth, is 'yes', they were indeed every bit as guilty, notwithstanding decades of heavily slanted, righteous propaganda pumped out of Hollywood post 'World War II'.
Of course, in war, it is the victors who write its history, and the
victors who determine the pseudo-law used to exact revenge upon the
losers, by the use of material reparations for war damage to the
victor's property, and by the ritual murder of those deemed guilty of
'war crimes'. Needless to say, the pilot of Enola Gay never
stood as an accused in a war crimes court. If he did, what would
his defence be? Without much doubt, it would be "I was only doing
my duty for my country", or perhaps "I was only following orders", or
"My commanding officer made me do it. I had no choice." In other
words, the pilot would attempt to transfer moral responsibility to those
who ordered him to drop the bomb, despite the fact that he would have
been aware that hundreds of thousands of 'non-combatants' -- the old and
sick, mothers and their children, and plain, ordinary everyday folk --
would die as a direct consequence of his personal action.
Chains of command, the essence of hierarchical, bureaucratic authority,
serve as systems for transferring power and responsibility ever upward
towards the pinnacle of the pyramid, towards that single individual who
is 'ultimately responsible', at least in theory. Of course, this
single paramount individual will frequently pass moral responsibility to
some overriding concept or morality which, he/she may claim, has been
collectively agreed to, for instance the principles or ideology of a
nation state, a body of law, or a religious teaching. Human society
therefore finds it possible to excuse apparent immorality on the basis
of some alleged collective agreement, principle, or Greater Good.
This, however, assumes that the bureaucratic authority is pure, and
untainted by the presence of conflicts within the command chain, and by
the absence of competing command chains. As Milgram has correctly
pointed out, "conflicting authority paralyses action" and "the
rebellious action of others severely undermines authority." To
an extent, it seems that the existence of choice puts the individual
back in command, and conflicting authority opens the possibility of this
choice.
Milgram also asserted that "the experimenters physical presence has a
marked impact on his authority." This brings to mind the
apocryphal stories about two soldiers from opposing camps who stumble
upon each other on the battlefield. They eye each other, and
possibly see their own reflection; they are each mere men, scared and
human. They decide not to shoot, but rather silently back away
from each other. They return to their respective camps, telling no
one what happened. Whilst there are many variations to this basic
story, what always remains is the element of the individual making a
personal moral choice in opposition to his assigned responsibility to
his collective. The subtext to this story is this: if one of the
soldiers had not been alone, they would have made a very different
choice: they would have attempted to kill the 'enemy' soldier. The
presence of a comrade changes the story completely. It is no
longer possible to merely slip quietly away, and pretend nothing has
happened. There is now a perceived obligation to obey, to submit
personal morality to the authority of the collective.
'Obedience to the Law' is an enslavement to the moral dictates and tyranny of the collective, whether in the guise of an army, a nation-state, a religion, a square-dance, or any of the multitude of structures both great and small which attempt to collectivise and structure human activity in all its forms. Therefore the only true individual freedom must come as a consequence of conscious disobedience to the law: only then is individual morality and individual choice truly expressed. Anarchy rules, ok?